Jupiter
2004-01-21 12:46:45 UTC
http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chirbase.htm
Class: Manned.Type: Lunar Base.
Nation: China.
Beyond the initial Project 921 programmes for development of a manned
earth orbit capability, Chinese scientists began talking during the
course of 2000 of more ambitious plans for a lunar base. At Expo 2000
at Hannover the centre piece of the Chinese pavilion was a display of
two Chinese astronauts planting the flag of the People's Republic on
the lunar surface. On October 4, 2000 Associated Press reported that
Zhuang Fenggan, vice chairman of the China Association of Sciences,
declared that one day the Chinese would create a permanent lunar base
with the intent of mining the lunar soil for Helium-3 (to fuel nuclear
fusion plants on Earth). On October 13, 2000, Xinhua News Agency
reported a more definite timetable. These seemed to be the dreams of
academics rather than a definite funded programme, but at least
indicated the expected course of development during the 21st
('Chinese') Century:
Chinese astronauts would begin landings on the moon in
2005. An initial lunar station would be built up with
pressurised modules, electrical generators, and roving
vehicles.
The station would be completed by 2010, allowing stays
of several weeks for extended science experiments.
Beginning in 2015, construction of a small permanent
Moon base would begin. The objective would be for a
self-sufficient lunar base to be in operation by 2020.
This would be a bridgehead for construction of a network
of solar power generating plants. The power would be
transmitted back to Earth via microwave to meet Chinese
power needs without adding to earth greenhouse gases.
The base would also process the lunar regolith for metals
and gases needed to support the base. The natural high
vacuum would be used for research and production of new
materials for export to Earth.
There was no funding for lunar projects in the ten-year space plan
approved in 2001. By July 2001 a Chinese aerospace magazine indicated
that Chinese scientists had drafted a much more modest four-phase
long term plan.
Phase 1, by 2005: Lunar flyby or orbiting satellite missions,
perhaps using the DFH-3 bus.
Phase 2, by 2010: unmanned soft-landing missions.
Phase 3, by 2020: Robotic exploration using surface rovers.
Phase 4, by 2030: Lunar sample return missions.
Only after 2030 would manned flights and construction of a lunar base begin.
The Shenzhou manned spacecraft provides the Chinese with the required
hardware to pursue a lunar program whenever they make the decision to go.
The configuration of the re-entry capsule of the Shenzhou is the same
as that of the Russian Soyuz. This was designed and flight qualified in
the 1960's specifically for return to the earth from the moon. Using proven
Chinese Lox/LH2 technology, a lunar-lander using the Shenzhou spacecraft
could have a mass of under 40 tonnes. A Lox/LH2 stage of the about the same
size would be required to propel it toward the moon.
Launch of such payloads into low earth orbit would be within the capability
of an upgraded version of the CZ-5-5.0 booster using 8 x 3.35 m diameter
strap-ons. This could be available as early as 2010. Two such launches of
a CZ-5-5.0 - one of the lunar injection stage, and one of a Shenzhou-derived
lunar lander - could place the necessary payload into earth orbit.
After docking with the booster stage, the Shenzhou would be boosted to a
direct landing on the moon. The direct landing approach was shown in Russian
studies of the 1970's to be the most practical method for emplacment and
support of a lunar base (since lunar orbit rendezvous methods restrict
possible base locations to a narrow band around the lunar equator).
A lunar landing stage developed for a Shenzhou-derived return vehicle
could also be used on a one-way trip to place moon base payloads of
about 11 tonnes on the lunar surface. The breakdown of such a vehicle
(using Lox/LH2 propellants with a specific impulse of 460 seconds in
all stages) would be as follows:
Trans-lunar injection stage: This would have a gross mass
of 39 tonnes at ignition, an empty mass of 4 tonnes, and a
specific impulse of 460 seconds. It would place the Shenzhou
lander into a highly elliptical orbit around the earth.
It would use the 40 tonne thrust engine planned for the CZ-5 family.
Shenzhou-derived direct lunar lander, total mass 39 tonnes.
This would consist of:
Lunar landing stage, 28 tonnes gross / 4.5 tonnes empty (including landing
gear). This would land the spacecraft on the lunar surface and form the
launching platform for the return spacecraft.
Shenzhou-derived return spacecraft / ascent stage,
11 tonnes gross / 5.5 tonnes empty.
This would consist of a 1 tonne orbital module (adopted for use as
a cockpit for the crew during the landing manoeuvre), the 3 tonne
Shenzhou re-entry module (for 2 to 3 crew) and a modified service
module (7 tonnes including 5.5 tonnes of propellants).
This would be a marginal design - a more robust concept using two 39 tonne
boost stages and a 39 tonne lander could deliver a 16 tonne payload to the
surface or use the existing storable propellant engines in the Shenzhou
return stage.
Total Mass: 40,000 kg.
Chinese Lunar Base Chronology
21 March 1998 China to Launch Lunar and Mars Probes
"China will actively participate in deep space exploration during the
21st century," said Mr Yuan Jiajun, vice-president of the Chinese Academy
of Space Technology. China also planned to launch two astrophysical
satellites into low earth orbit, one in equatorial orbit and another in
polar orbit.
22 October 1999 China Plans Exploration of Moon and Mars in 21st Century
A national conference of space scientists held in southern Beihai, Guangxi,
said that the Moon and Mars were the 'two big targets' for the country's
space programme in the 21st century. Ye Zili, the China Space Science
Association's General Secretary, said that dozens of plans and proposals
for the two projects had been put forward. However no substantial government
funding for such projects was to be available in the immediate future.
19 October 2000 No immediate Chinese lunar landing plans
Chinese scientists clarifed that their space robotics research was purely
academic and that there was no officially authorised Chinese lunar
landing program.
24 July 2001 Chinese Lunar Exploration Plan
A Chinese aerospace magazine indicated that Chinese scientists had drafted
a four-phase long term plan.
Phase 1, by 2005: Lunar flyby or orbiting satellite missions,
perhaps using the DFH-3 bus.
Phase 2, by 2010: unmanned soft-landing missions.
Phase 3, by 2020: Robotic exploration using surface rovers.
Phase 4, by 2030: Lunar sample return missions.
Only after 2030 would manned flights and construction of a lunar base begin.
Bibliography:
Chen Lan, Dragon in Space, Web Address when accessed:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/.
Xinhua News Agency, "Press dispatches",
Web Address when accessed: http://xinhua.org/.
Mansfield, Simon, editor, Space Daily,
Web Address when accessed: http://www.spacedaily.com/.
http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chirbase.htm
Hi again,
had no desire to write treatise now but I have just read a passionate
letter from a sci.skeptic called "Polar Star" or "Daniel Joseph Min"
had no desire to write treatise now but I have just read a passionate
letter from a sci.skeptic called "Polar Star" or "Daniel Joseph Min"
Or maybe this latest Mars hype is all about finally accomplishing
something that was promised (faked:)
Anne, someone told Dubya that there is oil on Marssomething that was promised (faked:)
SR
http://www.seti.org/seti/our_projects/allen_telescope_array/Welcome.html
Recent Cassini images of Jupiter
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Jupiter
What is the Kepler Mission?
It is a special purpose space mission in the NASA Headquarters
Discovery Program [<http://discovery.nasa.gov/>] for detecting
terrestrial planets, that is, rocky and Earth-size, around
other stars.... http://www.kepler.arc.nasa.gov/
CHINA's Space Tracking, Telemetry and Command Network
http://www.sinodefence.com/space/facility/ttc.asp
Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Centre (BACC)
Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Centre (BACC)
is a space flight command and control facility specially
built for China's national manned space flight programme
(Project 921). Located in the southwest suburbs of
Beijing, the BACC is part of the "Aerospace City" which
comprises several R&D institutes and test laboratories.
The construction work began in 1994 and the main body of
the facility was commissioned around 1997.
Phase I construction was completed of the new,
large-scale Beijing Space Technology Research and
Test Center, located in Tangjialing, northwest of
Beijing. The center occupied 100 hectares and
construction was begun in October 1994. The largest
space center in China included spacecraft integration
hangars, space environment and vibration test facilities,
and a series of laboratories.
Xi'an Satellite Monitor and Control Centre (XSCC)
- Base 26
Xian Satellite Monitor and Control Center (XSCC), also
known as Base 26, is located at Weinan, some 60 km
northeast of Xi'an City. The XSCC is the primary satellite
control facility in China. Among its responsibilities are
the recoveries of retrievable imagery intelligence
satellite which are commanded to return to Chinese
territory. A Peoples Liberation Army unit carries out the
recovery tasks at the Recovery Measuring Station at the
Xi'an Centre.
Changchun Tracking Station
Changchun Tracking Station is the only space tracking
station located in the northeast region of China mainland.
In January 1983 Changchun Station successfully forecasted
the crash area of the Soviet Cosmo-1402 nuclear powered
reconnaissance satellite which lost control few days before.
Khashi Tracking Station
Khashi Tracking Station was commissioned in the 1960s as
one of China's earliest space tracking facilities.
Nanning Tracking Station
Naning Tracking Station was built in 1967. It is China's
first tracking station that joins international space
tracking networks. The station was used to provide tracking
services to several European launches.
Qingdao Tracking Station
Qingdao Tracking Station was built in the early 1990s mainly
for the manned space programme. It is the newest tracking
station in China mainland.
Weinan Tracking Station
Weinan Tracking Station was built in 1972 for space and
ICBM launch tracking and monitoring. The station was
invovled in more than 30 satellite launches and 14
ICBM launches.
Guiyang Tracking Station
Minxi Tracking Station
Xiamen Tracking Station
Yilan Tracking Station
Yuan Wang 1 Space Tracking Ship
Yuan Wang 2 Space Tracking Ship
Yuan Wang 3 Space Tracking Ship
Yuan Wang 4 Space Tracking Ship
CHINA -Space: http://www.sinodefence.com/space/default.asp
The scope of mankind's activities has expanded from land to
ocean, from ocean to atmosphere, and eventually from
atmosphere to outer space. Space technology, which emerged
in the 1950s, opened up a new era of man's exploration of
the unknown world. The continuous development and application
of space technology has become an important endeavour in the
modernisation drive of countries all over the world.
China's space programme began in the late 1950s, when the
Chinese government implemented the "Twelve-Year Development
Plan of Science and Technology", which included rocket science,
radio electronics, automatic control, computer, and
semiconductor technology. The early effort of China was aided
by technology and knowledge transferred from the Soviet Union.
Since then China has independently established a small-scale
but well-balanced and coordinated infrastructure of
space-related institutions, including research and development
centres, launching sites, tracking, telemetry and command
stations and centres, and manufacturing plants.
China sent its first man-made earth satellite,
Dongfanghong-1 (DFH-1), into space successfully in
1970, making the fifth member of the world's space club
(after USSR, USA, France, and Japan). In 1975 China became
the third country after the USA and USSR to successfully
launch and recover a recoverable satellite for photo
reconnaissance and remote sensing missions. From the late
1980s China began to provide commercial satellite launching
services for foreign customers. The manned space programme
(Project 921), which started in 1992, has also made significant
progress. Following four successful unmanned missions between
1999 and 2003, China successfully sent her first astronaut
into outer space by Shenzhou-V spaceship on 15 October 2003.
The 1991 Gulf War, the 1998 NATO intervention in Kosovo, the
war against terrorism in Afghanistan in 2001, and Washington's
determination to pursue the ballistic missile defence system
have all shown that the US is seeking to undertake asymmetric
operations by exploiting various space technologies that its
opponents do not possess. This has forced China to shift its
focus more towards the fourth environment of military operations.
In addition, after the end of "Cold War", the Chinese military
strategy has also shifted from a large-scale nuclear war to local
wars under high-tech conditions, which requires the PLA to be
capable of defensive and offensive operations in peripheral
regions and waters, as well as within China's own territory.
To achieve this capability, a key area for future development,
as well as for future conflict, is outer space.
Today, the Chinese space programme is still regarded by the
Western aerospace press as inferior, partly due to the failures
it suffered in the launch vehicle category. Also, the Chinese
have not reached anywhere near the sub-metre resolution achieved
by US image reconnaissance satellites. However, China's space
journey in the last thirty years is impressive. By possessing
its own indigenous capability, it has proved that its military
space power cannot be underestimated.
http://www.sinodefence.com/space/default.asp
The Chinese National Manned Space Program
http://www.sinodefence.com/space/921/manned.asp
http://www.sinodefence.com/space/921/921.asp
http://www.sinodefence.com/space/history/his4.asp
CHINA is developing a new
generation of launch vehicle models,
including the expendable CZ-5 launch
vehicle family using non-toxic,
high-performance propellants with lower
operating costs, the solid propellant
Kaituozhe-1 (KT-1, or Explorer-1), and the
reusable launch vehicle.
The manned space flight remained the
most important element in China's future
plan for its space technology development.
Once the Shenzhou manned flights have
been successfully achieved, a series of
projects will be carried out for scientific
research and development for future
manned space projects, including the space
station and exploration of the moon.
For the long-term development beyond 2020, China is aiming
at industrialising and marketing its space technology and
applications, establishing integrated space infrastructure
and a satellite ground application system that harmonises
spacecraft and ground equipment, and permanently
establishing China's own manned space flight system and
conduct of manned space flight scientific research and
technological experiments, including space station,
spaceplane, and eventually the Chinese Lunar Base.
By 2050, China is hoping to become a world leader in the
field of space science and exploration of outer space,
and to continue international co-operations to both
obtain more-advanced technology from Western countries
and to assist developing countries in development of
space technology.
http://www.sinodefence.com/space/history/his4.asp
http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chirbase.htm
Chinese Scientists Contribute To US
Mars Explorations
Beijing - Jan 15, 2004
http://www.spacedaily.com/news/mars-mers-04u.html
Doughnuts & Shafts...
http://www.dyarstraights.com/msgundam/habitats.html
Toroidal Foreplay ...
http://www.dyarstraights.com/msgundam/s_torus.html
"...and she's buying a stairway to heaven."
"Stairway to Heaven" By Led Zeppelin
"Construction of it will begin 50 years
after everyone stops laughing."
Arthur C. Clarke
http://www.redcolony.com/articles/030829.html
http://www.eces.org/archive/ec/ecwhatsnew.shtml
(05/22/2002) UN report by 1,100 scientists warns
70% of the natural world will be destroyed over the 30
years due to over-population, deforestation, pollution,
global warming, spread of non-native species, and other
human impacts, causing the mass extinction of species
and the collapse of human society in many countries.
See Ecosystem Destruction: Global.
Chinese Lunar Base
http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chirbase.htm